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It has long been observed that women suffer from depression much more often than men. Why is this happening?

Here are the main reasons:
women are more emotional and sensitive;
our ability to reflect is more pronounced, that is, we are more inclined to think about problems, especially in interpersonal relationships;
The “weak” gender actually carries a double burden: work and household chores.

It is not surprising that, as a result, sad thoughts and the inability to fully rest more and more often lead Russian women to depression. Moreover, “female depression” is getting younger: the average age of those prone to this emotional “malfunction” is from 30 to 40 years.

Mood, depression, stress …

How to determine whether you have depression or maybe just mood swings?

With a “real” depression:
you are indifferent to what previously surprised and pleased you.
A bad mood accompanies you constantly.
There are difficulties with concentration.
You become very indecisive, often experiencing anxiety and anxiety.
Significantly reduced appetite.
Sleep disturbances, insomnia appear.

If you observe most of these symptoms for more than two weeks, you can talk about depression.

Do not grab the pills!

Antidepressants, even supposedly “natural”, that is, consisting of plant components, are not at all a panacea for this ailment. Why? In depression, we usually distance ourselves from others, closing ourselves and experiencing our imaginary failures. Pills make a person as if indifferent to everything. You will not be sad, but you will not be happy either. Such artificial indifference does not contribute to the harmonization of relations with the outside world, since nature provides for a person to have a very rich spectrum of emotions. In addition, antidepressants can be addictive. You need to understand: they do not affect the internal source of depression, but only dull the severity of the reactions.

Do not get used to sleeping pills – otherwise soon you will not be able to fall asleep without a couple of pills, and you will have to painstakingly restore the natural rhythms of relaxation for a long time. Try to turn to the natural sources of nutrients – at first it will support the body. For example, the mood can stabilize the use of pineapples – they have vitamin B6 and serotonin. Oranges, red peppers, carrots are useful for brain function. Focus on apples, grapes and tomatoes.

As for drinks, you can only drink coffee and tea in the morning. Green tea is healthier than black. In the evening, it is better to drink milk, kefir or juices. You can use aromatic oils of lavender, juniper, rosemary, citrus.

Family and work

The stereotype of a successful modern woman holds her responsible both for her own career
and for the well-being of her family. Therefore, most often the source of traumatic experiences for her are events in her personal life and in the workplace.

A common cause of depression is divorce or separation from a man. Usually this greatly affects women’s self-esteem, especially if the man himself was not stingy with the charges. What you can do:
Resist the urge to recall the details of the conflict every free minute. Choose a time, take pity on yourself, surrender to your memories. Think about everything that happened. And try not to “let” sad thoughts into your inner world anymore, let them gradually move away, remaining in the past.
For the same reason, think over the answers to possible questions from your friends (“Why did you break up?”). Better if they are concise enough – the details are useless.
But with a loved one (maybe a girlfriend?), Speak everything in great detail. What he said, what you answered … This will help you realize and accept the fact that this period in your life is still over.
Distraction is simply necessary. “Going to work with your head” is a good way out. Perhaps you have long wanted to go on a trip (if possible) or to learn something new.

Of course, only the female lot and postpartum depression. The reasons for its occurrence are somewhat different.
As a rule, depression occurs if a young mother is constantly confronted with a lack of understanding of others: it is generally accepted that now is the happiest time in her life, while it is difficult for her from a lack of sleep and worries about the baby’s condition. Long and difficult childbirth, material difficulties, possible unwillingness to have a baby increase the likelihood of depression.

The main thing that mom needs to do is to establish a strict daily routine, be sure to set aside time “for herself”: sleep, rest and exercise. Such a measure will allow you to get rid of the feeling of “squirrels in the wheel.” Over time, proper nutrition, movement, walks, communication with the child will do their job – the body systems will begin to work in concert, and depression will pass.

But what if work becomes the cause of depression?

The likelihood of depression “for official reasons” is increased by:
adverse working conditions: noisy or stuffy room, uncomfortable workplace;
chaotic rhythm of work, when periods of heavy load are replaced by a lack of affairs; irregular working hours;
tensions in the team, conflicts with management or colleagues;
lack of prospects, the possibility of promotion or salary increase.

Of course, quitting is a rather radical option, but if deep down you thought about it before you were overtaken by depression, maybe this is really an option. Vacation will also help (during which you should not be visited by a single thought about work).
But if neither is possible, try the following.

Try to ensure a quality rest during the day. Be sure to use the lunch break for its intended purpose – for communication and lunch itself. At the end of the day, take stock, make plans for tomorrow and forget about business affairs until the next morning.

If you are considered an indispensable employee, this can suit everyone except yourself. Think about the responsibilities that you perform. Are there among them “superfluous” – that which can be delegated to others? Do you take the burden of other people’s affairs?

In dealing with stress, positive communication with colleagues will also help. Do not lock yourself in, keep in touch with those who work around. Well, if you have the opportunity to discuss your problems with someone, this will help you look at them from the side. The opinion of colleagues here is especially valuable, because we are talking about a problem that arose precisely because of work.

Choose the method of relaxation most pleasant for you (breathing techniques, a walk, listening to special melodies) and apply it as necessary.

And try with an effort of will to refuse excessive perfectionism, in particular, forgive yourself mistakes.

At a general practitioner appointment, patients with depressive syndromes make up more than 30%. This figure is probably even higher for neurological practice. It should be borne in mind that patients who are actively complaining of a decreased mood, depression, depression, lack of interest in life, usually do not go to a therapist or a neurologist, but turn to a psychiatrist in a clinic or in a neuropsychiatric clinic. At an appointment with an internist, patients complain primarily about somatovegetative disorders. It is known how difficult the diagnosis and treatment of persistent cardialgia, prolonged and “inexplicable” hyperthermia, constant shortness of breath, persistent sensation of nausea, debilitating sweating, dizziness, dramatic and frightening patients with vegetative paroxysms or, in modern terminology, “panic attacks” (PA) and .d. As a rule, with active and targeted questioning in these patients, it is possible to identify sleep disturbances, appetite, weight loss, decreased libido, constant weakness, fatigue, decreased interest in the environment and other symptoms that indicate the presence of depressive disorders. Subclinical manifestations of depression in such patients also led to the corresponding terminology: “hidden”, “masked”, “larvated”, “atypical”, “alexithymic”, “depression without depression”.

It is known that autonomic disorders of central genesis or psycho-vegetative syndromes can manifest themselves in the form of both paroxysmal and permanent disorders [1].
Paroxysmal autonomic disorders

Vegetative crisis (VK), or PA, is the most striking and dramatic paroxysmal manifestation of the psycho-vegetative syndrome.
Terminology

The name “vegetative crisis”, traditional for domestic medicine, emphasizes that vegetative symptoms are of primary importance in an attack. In foreign medicine, especially in English, the leading role in autonomic paroxysm is given to emotional-affective disorders (fear, anxiety), which accordingly is reflected in the terms used – “anxiety attacks”, “panic attacks”.
Diagnostic criteria

The term Panic Attack has gained worldwide recognition today due to the classification of diseases proposed by the American Psychiatric Association in 1980 (DSM-III). According to the latter, PAs are the main manifestation of Panic Disorders (PR). Subsequently, this classification was refined and is currently in its latest version – DSM-IV – and in the International Classification of Diseases – ICD-10 [2, 3] – the following criteria for the diagnosis of PR are adopted.

A. Recurrence of seizures in which intense fear or discomfort in combination with four or more of the following symptoms develop suddenly and reach their peak within 10 minutes:

– pulsations, palpitations, rapid pulse;

– sweating;

– chills, tremors;

– feeling of lack of air, shortness of breath;

– difficulty breathing, choking;

– pain or discomfort in the left half of the chest;

– nausea or abdominal discomfort;

– dizziness, instability;

– weakness, lightheadedness, fainting state;

– a feeling of numbness or tingling (paresthesia);

– waves of heat and cold;

– a feeling of derealization, depersonalization;

– fear of death;

– fear of losing your mind or committing an uncontrolled act.

B. The occurrence of PA is not due to the direct physiological effect of any substances (for example, drug dependence or taking drugs) or somatic diseases (for example, thyrotoxicosis).

B. In most cases, PA does not occur as a result of other anxiety disorders, such as Phobias – Social and Simple, Obsessive-Phobic Disorders, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders.

ICD-10 PR includes rubrics of “anxiety” and “phobic” disorders, which in turn are included in the class of “Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders”.
Epidemiology

According to statistics, from 1.5 to 4% of the adult population suffer from PR during certain periods of their lives. Among those seeking primary care, patients with PA make up 6%. The disease makes its debut most often at the age of 20-30 years and is extremely rare before 15 and after 65 years. Women suffer 2–3 times more often than men [4].
The main clinical manifestations

The criteria necessary for the diagnosis of PA can be summarized as follows:

– paroxysmality;

– polysystemic autonomic symptoms;

– emotional and affective disorders.

Obviously, the main manifestations of PA are autonomic and emotional disorders. Already from the above list of symptoms, it is evident that autonomic symptoms affect various body systems: these are respiratory, cardiac, vascular reactions (central and peripheral), changes in thermoregulation, sweating, gastrointestinal and vestibular functions. An objective examination, as a rule, reveals a rise in blood pressure (sometimes to high values ​​and more often during the first attacks), severe tachycardia, often an increase in extrasystoles, and there may be a rise in temperature to a subfebrile or febrile level. All these symptoms, arising suddenly and “without reason,” contribute to the appearance and fixation of another group of symptoms – emotional-affective disorders. The range of the latter is unusually wide. So, a sense of causeless fear, reaching the point of panic, usually occurs during the first attack, and then in a less pronounced form is repeated in subsequent attacks. Sometimes the panic of the first PA subsequently transforms into specific fears – fear of myocardial infarction, stroke, loss of consciousness, fall, madness, etc. In some patients, the intensity of fear (even in the first attacks) may be minimal, but nevertheless, with careful questioning, patients report a feeling of internal tension, anxiety, anxiety, a feeling that “something will explode inside.” In neurological and therapeutic practice, the emotional manifestations of an attack can differ significantly from a typical situation. So, in an attack, the patient may not experience fear, anxiety; it is no coincidence that such PAs are called “panic without panic” or “non-insurance PAs” [5]. Some patients experience a feeling of irritation in the attack, sometimes reaching a degree of aggression, in some cases – a feeling of melancholy, depression, hopelessness, report a “causeless” cry at the time of the attack. It is the emotional-affective symptoms that give the attack such an unpleasant and even repulsive character.

In a large category of PR patients, the structure of the attack is not limited to the autonomic-emotional symptoms described above, and then the doctor can detect another type of disorder, which we arbitrarily called “atypical”. They can be represented by local or diffuse pains (headaches, pains in the abdomen, in the spine, etc.), muscle tension, vomiting, senestopathic sensations (sensation of heat, “frostbite”, “stirring”, “transfusion” of something , “Voids”) and (or) psychogenic (hysterical) neurological symptoms (sensation of “coma in the throat”, weakness in the arm or leg, impaired speech or voice, consciousness, etc.) [6].

In the interictal period, patients usually develop secondary psycho-vegetative syndromes, the structure of which is largely determined by the nature of paroxysm. In patients with PA, the so-called agoraphobic syndrome develops soon after the onset of paroxysms. “Agoraphobia” literally means “fear of open spaces,” but in the case of panic patients, fear applies to any situation that is potentially “threatened” for the development of an attack. Such situations may be staying in a crowd, in a store, on the subway or any other form of transport, moving away from home for some distance or staying at home alone, etc. Agoraphobia determines the appropriate behavior that avoids discomfort: patients stop using transport, do not stay alone at home, do not move far from home and ultimately become almost completely socially disabled.

The fears of patients with PA can relate to a certain disease with which, according to the patient, his symptoms are associated with him: for example, fear of a heart attack, stroke, etc. Obsessive fears force the patient to constantly measure the pulse, check blood pressure, do repeated electrocardiograms and even study the relevant medical literature. In such cases, we are talking about the development of obsessive fears or hypochondriac syndrome.

As secondary syndromes, depressive disorders often develop, manifested by a decrease in social activity, interest in the outside world, increased fatigue, constant weakness, decreased appetite, sleep disturbances, and sexual motivations. In patients with demonstrative seizures, as a rule, hysterical personality disorders with clinical manifestations of hysteria in the somatic or neurological sphere are revealed.
Permanent vegetative disorders

By permanent autonomic disorders are meant subjective and objectively recorded violations of autonomic functions that are permanent or occur sporadically and are not combined with autonomic paroxysms (panic attacks). These disorders can occur predominantly in one system or have a distinct polysystemic character. Permanent autonomic disorders can be manifested by the following syndromes:

– in the cardiovascular system – cardiorhythmic, cardialgic, cardiosenestopathic, as well as arterial hyper- and hypotension or amphotonia;

– in the respiratory system – hyperventilation disorders: a feeling of lack of air, shortness of breath, feeling of suffocation, shortness of breath, etc .;

– in the gastrointestinal system – dyspeptic disorders, nausea, vomiting, dry mouth, belching, abdominal pains, dyskinetic phenomena, constipation, diarrhea;

– in thermoregulatory and sweating systems – non-infectious subfebrile condition, periodic “chills”, diffuse or local hyperhidrosis, etc .;

– in vascular regulation – by distal acrocyanosis and hypothermia, Raynaud’s phenomenon, vascular cephalalgia, lipothymic states, waves of heat and cold;

– in the vestibular system – unsystematic dizziness, sensations of instability.
Vegetative Disorders and Depression

There is an extensive literature on the relationship of depression and anxiety. This problem is also relevant for PR, since a combination of PR and depression is possible.

When examining a patient suffering from PR, the doctor should be wary of possible endogenous depression, since the risk of suicidal actions requires immediate intervention by a psychiatrist.

According to modern criteria, depression is characterized by a decrease in mood, a decrease or lack of interest or pleasure, combined with a decrease in appetite or an increase in body weight, a decrease or increase in body weight, insomnia or hypersomnia, psychomotor inhibition or agitation, a feeling of fatigue or loss of energy, a sense of worthlessness, inadequate feeling guilt, diminished ability to think or concentrate, and repeated thoughts of death or suicide.

For the clinician, the question of the nature of depression is important – is it primary or secondary? To resolve this issue, two diagnostic criteria are important: the time factor and the severity of depressive symptoms. R. Jacob et al. [7] suggest using both criteria and establish which of the disorders occurs without the other in the patient’s history. If episodes of depression appeared before PR, and PA only appeared during the period of depression, then PR are secondary to depression. If depression appears only in the presence of PR and, as a rule, at a certain stage of their development, then, most likely, we are talking about primary PR and secondary depression.

It was shown that patients with depression with PA had a longer course, often had an endogenous, agitated type and had a worse prognosis, i.e. their depression was more severe.

It is believed that secondary depression is often found in PR. The following pattern of PR dynamics is considered typical: panic attacks – agoraphobia – hypochondria – secondary depression. In a study by A. Breier [4] of 60 patients with AF with PR, depression was detected in 70%, and in 57% of cases it occurred after the first PA. According to some reports, secondary depressive fouling is observed in 70 – 90% of cases with prolonged existence of PR [8].

Since in primary depression, especially its severe (acute) forms, the risk of suicide is high, and the use of psychotherapy is difficult, differential diagnosis of PR and depression with PA is necessary. If you suspect a primary depression, it is necessary to focus on weight loss, severe impaired concentration of attention and sleep disorders, gross motivational disorders. Secondary depressions have a milder course and usually regress with relief of PR.

Currently, the pathogenetic relationship between PR and depression is being actively discussed, the reason for this is the frequent combination of PR and depression and the obvious effectiveness in both cases of antidepressant drugs. However, a number of facts refute the assumption of a single disease: these are primarily various effects when exposed to biological markers. So, sleep deprivation improves the condition of patients with major depression and worsens with PR; the dexamethasone test is positive in the first case and negative in the second, the administration of lactic acid naturally causes PA in patients with PR or in patients with depression in combination with PR, but not in patients suffering only major depression. Thus, discussing the combination of PR with major depression, it can be assumed that the presence of depression is a factor contributing to the manifestation of PR, although the mechanisms of this interaction are still unclear.

Permanent autonomic disorders also occur in the structure of various affective and emotional-psychopathological syndromes. In most cases, we are talking about depressive disorders (masked, somatized and other variants) or mixed syndromes, among which anxiety-depressive, depressive-hypochondriacal and hysterodressive disorders dominate. According to A.B. Smulevich et al. [9], hysterical depression is one of the most common psychogenic reactions, accompanied by severe somatovegetative and hysterical neurological symptoms. Most often, such manifestations of the disease are observed in the menopause.
Therapy for psycho-vegetative disorders

Currently, in the treatment of vegetative syndromes of both paroxysmal and permanent nature, the following groups of drugs are used:

– antidepressants (BP);

– tranquilizers (typical and atypical benzodiazepines – ABD);

– small antipsychotics (MN);

– vegetotropic drugs.

It has already been proved with the help of many controlled (double-blind, placebo-controlled) studies that the basic drugs in the treatment of autonomic disorders are blood pressure, which are used as monotherapy or in combination with other drugs [10]. It should be emphasized that blood pressure therapy is indicated not only when autonomic disorders are a manifestation of depression, including masked, but also when autonomic disorders (permanent and paroxysmal) occur within the framework of anxiety and anxiety-phobic disorders, even if obvious depression is not detected (for example , PR with agoraphobia), in cases of mixed anxiety-depressive and hysterically depressive (a combination of somatoform and depressive) disorders. This situation reflects current trends in psychopharmacotherapy, where blood pressure takes the leading place, and tranquilizers (mainly typical benzodiazepines) are given the role of symptomatic, supportive, corrective therapy. The exception is ADB (alprazolam and clonazepam), which in some cases can also be used as basic pharmacotherapy. Antipsychotics are used as additional drugs if combination therapy is needed. Vegetotropic drugs (adrenergic blockers, vestibulolytics, etc.) are usually administered as symptomatic therapy or to correct the side effects of blood pressure.

It should be noted that the use of any psychotropic drugs should be combined with vegetotropic therapy, especially if the applied drug in addition has mechanisms of cellular neurotropic effects (neurometabolic cerebroprotection). In particular, the appointment of vinpocetine (cavinton) allows, due to these effects, significantly improve treatment results.

Pharmacotherapy of patients with paroxysmal and permanent psycho-vegetative disorders involves several therapeutic strategies: relief of attacks (PA); prevention of recurrence of paroxysms; relief of permanent psycho-vegetative syndromes.
PA stopping

The tranquilizers of the benzodiazepine group (relanium, tazepam, phenazepam, xanax, etc.) are the most effective means for stopping PA. However, with this symptomatic method of treatment, the dose of the drug has to be increased over time, and the irregular intake of benzodiazepines and the associated recoil phenomenon can contribute to increased PA, progression and chronicity of the disease.
PA re-occurrence prevention

Numerous double-blind, placebo-controlled studies have convincingly shown that two groups of drugs — AD and ABD — are most effective in preventing PA. [10-12]

Today, the range of ADs effective against PR has expanded significantly and includes at least 5 groups of drugs: tricyclic antidepressants – imipramine (melipramine), amitriptyline (tryptisol, nortriptyline), clomipramine (anafranil, gidifen); four-cyclic antidepressants – mianserin (miansan, lerivon); monoamine oxidase inhibitors – moclobemide (aurorix); antidepressants with an insufficiently known mechanism of action – tianeptine (coaxil, stablon); selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) – fluoxetine, fluvoxamine (avoxin), sertraline (zoloft), paroxetine (paxil), citalopram (cipramil).

Significant interest is the last antidepressant from this group – citalopram. High selectivity of the drug and low potential for interactions, a favorable profile of side effects, coupled with high efficiency, allow cipramil to be considered as the drug of choice for many depressive conditions, in particular, in general somatic and gerontological practice. The presence of citalopram, along with timoleptic, also has a clear anxiolytic effect indicates the possibility of using citalopram for anxiety disorders and, in particular, for panic attacks. Currently, two Russian clinics have already begun studying the effectiveness of citalopram in panic disorders.

The most likely theory is that which links the anti-panic effectiveness of blood pressure with a predominant effect on the serotonergic systems of the brain. A positive effect can be achieved by using small daily doses of drugs. However, when using blood pressure, especially tricyclic, in the first decade of treatment, exacerbation of symptoms can be observed – anxiety, anxiety, agitation, and sometimes an increase in PA. Adverse reactions to tricyclic blood pressure are largely associated with anticholinergic effects and can be manifested by severe tachycardia, extrasystole, dry mouth, dizziness, tremor, constipation, weight gain. The above symptoms can lead to forced refusal of treatment at the first stages, especially since the clinical effect usually occurs 2 to 3 weeks after the start of therapy. Significantly fewer adverse reactions are observed when using drugs of the SSRI group. Their best tolerance, the possibility of a single daily intake and the painlessness of rapid withdrawal at the end of treatment made these drugs leaders in the treatment of PR.

Atypical benzodiazepines include clonazepam (antelepsin, rivotril) and alprazolam (xanax, cassadan). It has been shown that benzodiazepines (both typical and atypical) enhance the action of GABA (g-aminobutyric acid), which is the main inhibitory mediator in the central nervous system. A significant advantage of this group of drugs is the rapid appearance of the clinical effect (3 – 4 days). There is evidence that in high doses (6-8 mg) alprazolam has an antidepressant effect.

The choice of drug is determined mainly by the clinical picture of the disease and the characteristics of the drug. If PA appeared recently and there is no agoraphobic syndrome, then it is advisable to start therapy with ABD. If PA are combined with agoraphobia or other secondary syndromes (depression, phobic syndrome, hypochondria), then the use of blood pressure is necessary. First of all, it is recommended to use blood pressure with minimal side effects. In some cases, the combined use of AD and ABD is required, since ABD, firstly, provides an early clinical effect (almost as early as in the 1st week of treatment), and secondly, helps to stop PA before the onset of AD.
Treatment of permanent psycho-vegetative disorders

When choosing tactics for the treatment of permanent psycho-vegetative disorders, they proceed primarily from the nature of the emotional-psychopathological syndrome. In the case of depressive disorders, the main, and often the only, drugs are blood pressure. SSRIs are currently preferred. When depression is combined with other syndromes, combined therapy is used – a combination of blood pressure with tranquilizers (ABD) or small antipsychotics: meleryl (sonapax), teralen, neuleptyl, eglonil, chlorprotixen, etaperazine.

An individual selection of pharmacological preparations, the use of small doses, and, if necessary, a combination with cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy and social adaptation allow us today to successfully cope with such widespread and socially maladaptive suffering as psycho-vegetative syndromes.

As studies have shown, an acne remedy based on vitamin A has another useful property – treat depression. In this regard, the Directorate for Medicines and Food Products is going to more strictly monitor the implementation of this tool.

The study organizers found that in young people from twelve to nineteen years old, this tool prevents the development of depressive states. In other words, in these individuals depression is much less common than those who treat acne with antibiotics. The fact is that the vast majority of American teenagers suffer from acne and other age-related skin rashes. 

Depression of adolescence, as a rule, begins at the same time with the formation of rashes on the skin. In the study, specialists tried to establish a connection between acne, depression and suicides of adolescents. Most doctors are of the opinion that an anti-acne medicine is not harmful to health, but, on the contrary, helps to eliminate depression.

The remaining representatives of science and medicine believe that the drug should be banned, since doctors can prescribe this drug to adolescents not for the purpose of treating acne, but to fight depression. In addition, it is suggested that the drug can develop a person’s addiction.  

As a result, the study resulted in the introduction of a huge number of restrictions on the use of this tool, but it was not withdrawn from the implementation.

English, American and Finnish scientists have found the cause of schizophrenia. After a huge research work, they found that changing a small area on the sixteenth chromosome can lead to schizophrenia, namely, in people with a doubling of this area, the likelihood of schizophrenia increases tenfold.

This disease, according to psychologists themselves, is still the most serious disease. There are several dozen conditions that are connected with schizophrenia in one way or another. Problems with the perception of the world and contact with it, delirium, depression, apathy, various types of hallucinations – all this can be both a sign of schizophrenia and symptoms of many other diseases. For this reason, a serious problem arises in making a diagnosis, which is very important in any disease, and even more so in psychology. As they say, scientists have found the cause of schizophrenia, although this cannot be clearly stated. There are still many questions regarding the relationship of schizophrenia with heredity and genetics.

In a new study, on a global scale, both healthy people and patients with various forms of schizophrenia took part. The DNA of patients contains a set of specific genes. It is worth noting that this is not the only disease that is caused by a set of extra genes in humans. In schizophrenia, however, not a fully defined chromosome is repeated, but only a small portion of it. It was in it that scientists found the cause of schizophrenia. There are not many genes in this interval, so it will be easier for scientists to identify the source of the disease. This fragment of the chromosome also appeared in earlier studies, however, with a slight difference. In a disease such as autism, that portion of the chromosome is missing from the patient’s DNA.

Recently, the word “depression” is often heard from television screens, from conversations, from doctors. After years of research by psychologists and psychiatrists from around the world, it became clear that it was depression that was to blame for many demographic ills. This disease was recognized as the main cause of such troubles as the suicide net, the short life expectancy of the female population even in developed countries, and the poor quality of life of some segments of the population.

According to the research, it became clear that depression is especially severe for women. Over the past decade, the incidence of this disease has increased by about 17 times, and doctors have called this psychological state a “silent epidemic.” She got this name for the implicit severity of symptoms, which sometimes can be manifested only in a reduced mood.

It is the stagnant perennial depressive states that have the greatest negative impact on the duration and quality of life and living conditions of women around the world. The harm from it is even stronger than from many deadly diseases such as cancer. Depression is also common among men, but its manifestations are associated with age periods. The main problem of this disease is its treatment. Few people seek qualified medical help, considering the constant bad mood and the lack of an active interest in life as insufficient reason for excitement and a trip to a psychologist. Therefore, many people could have avoided problems in their personal and social life, just by contacting a doctor at the time.

More than fifty percent of young mothers who bring up newborn babies in conditions of low material security suffer from postpartum depression to one degree or another. Of course, this negatively affects both the mother herself and the small child. Postpartum depression affects many mothers. According to statistics, more than forty percent of all women suffer from it.

The results of a new study, conducted in the form of a survey by specialists from the United States, showed that more than half of young mothers living in conditions of severe material need were younger than twenty-three years. The study involved almost fifteen thousand families. In addition, postpartum depression often pushed new mothers to drink alcohol and drugs.

According to statistics, one out of ten babies born in a family without a livelihood is brought up by a mother who suffers from postpartum depression. In addition, these children are often breastfed for only four months. According to the organizers of the study, almost seventy percent of women need the help of a qualified psychologist. However, only less than thirty percent apply for such specialized assistance. Experts believe that this problem deserves closer attention from the authorities and representatives of the Ministry of Health.

It turns out that people suffering from manic disorders are more likely to become successful in life, achieve fame and material well-being.

The study involved more than one hundred people, twenty-seven of whom were diagnosed with manic depression and bipolar disorder. The listed disorders are disorders in the brain that entail inadequate and abrupt changes in mood and decision-making ability. 

All study participants had to answer questions in the questionnaires. Proposed questions evaluated the life ambitions of the participants. The subjects should indicate the possibility of a combination of certain circumstances in their life.

As a result of the study, specialists found that people suffering from mental disorders, most of all relied on themselves, were confident in their success in life.

This conclusion makes it clear that people with manic depression and a tendency to bipolarity better than “normal” people concentrate on achieving their goals.

Based on the study, scientists concluded that mania, during which a person’s mood jumps sharply and thoughts change, have a close relationship with the belief that their own achievements are most important to them. 

In this regard, certain mental disorders can be considered as positive qualities for the individual.

All odds of physical, in particular sexual, and psychological, emotional, coercion have long been causing nothing but negativity and complete denial. However, while almost everyone knows about sexual coercion, emotional coercion remains under a veil of secrecy. Emotional coercion takes place in a relationship when one partner considers himself better, more important, more valuable than his other half. Narcissism is, in essence, the emotional abuse of a partner.

Not so long ago, extreme manifestations of narcissism began to be seen as a mental disorder. Despite the fact that the daffodils, without realizing it, try to steal their half, they themselves often suffer from depression and turn to the doctor with this problem. Anger, anxiety and loneliness further exacerbate the problem. Specialists prescribe potent antidepressants to such patients, but the drugs only temporarily relieve the manifestations of a psychological disorder, but they do not solve the problem. 

In recent studies , several signs of a narcissistic mental disorder have been put forward :  

– a feeling of one’s own too great significance;

– thoughts of undivided power, celebrity;

– a sense of personal unusualness and genius;

– the requirement of admiration and worship;

– the opinion that he is always right;

– the desire to exploit their neighbors everywhere;

– lack of understanding of feelings such as pity and compassion;

– envy of everything and everyone;

– arrogance and finicky.

It is worth noting that there are particles of narcissism in every person, but everywhere it is necessary to feel the measure.

Not so long ago, the results of a study were published that was conducted to find out what is the main cause of headaches in men. As it turned out, severe headaches can torment a man due to the fact that he has either depression or stress, or he is in a state of post-traumatic stress disorder.

Doctors say that with sudden severe pain, reminiscent of a migraine in nature, a man needs to go to specialists, as they can be a symptom of a strong mental disorder that only a doctor can cure. The study also showed that in men and women severe headaches can have a different basis, that is, in women migraines can indicate some other diseases.

Leading researcher B. Lee and his colleagues emphasize that gender differences in understanding the causes of migraine disorders are extremely important. Therefore, men and women often have to treat headaches with different doctors. This fact suggests that sex hormones play an important role in the development of severe headaches in humans.

A large role in this is also the age of the male patient. Headache can be a sign of aging, as the functions of sex hormones decrease, a kind of male menopause sets in, and the head can hurt due to the restructuring of the body. After a while, the headache may go away by itself. A man in reproductive age may suffer from headaches due to constant stress, and he needs the help of a specialist psychologist who will help to cope with the emotional stress.

It has long been known that postpartum depression is often observed in women who have just become mothers. Among the main causes of this condition are changes in the hormonal background, psychological aspect, and genetic tendency.

Meanwhile, according to the conclusions of British experts, inattentiveness and even rudeness on the part of the spouse during the bearing of the child can also be considered one of the most basic reasons for the development of postpartum depression.

The study involved more than ten thousand women who recently gave birth to children.

Participants were asked questions about cases of violence and rudeness in the family during their pregnancy. In conclusion, the authors asked about the presence or absence of depression after childbirth.

It was found that by an eighteen-week period, more than five percent of women were abused by their spouses, and three percent suffered from assault.

Then, after the baby was born and after reaching the age of eight weeks, postpartum depression was noted in mothers in ten percent of cases. Among those women who were abused and abused during gestation, more than a quarter suffered from the painful phenomenon.

Scientists conclude that violence and rudeness in relation to a woman carrying a child significantly increases the risk of her developing postpartum depression after the baby is born.